Lysander the Spartan General

Lysander was one of the Heraclidae at Sparta, but not a member of the royal families. Not much is known about his early life. His family was not wealthy, and we dont know how Lysander came to be entrusted with military commands. The Spartan Fleet in the Aegean When Alcibiades rejoined the Athenian side towards the end of the Peloponnesian War, Lysander was put in charge of the Spartan fleet in the Aegean, based at Ephesus (407). It was Lysanders decree that merchant shipping put into Ephesus and his foundation of shipyards there, that started its rise to prosperity. Persuading Cyrus to Help the Spartans Lysander persuaded Cyrus, the Great Kings son, to help the Spartans. When Lysander was leaving, Cyrus wanted to give him a present, and Lysander asked for Cyrus to fund an increase in the sailors pay, thus inducing sailors serving in the Athenian fleet to come over to the higher-paying Spartan fleet. While Alcibiades was away, his lieutenant Antiochus provoked Lysander into a sea battle which Lysander won. The Athenians thereupon removed Alcibiades from his command. Callicratides  as Lysanders Successor Lysander gained partisans for Sparta amongst the cities subject to Athens by promising to install decemvirates, and promoting the interests of potentially useful allies amongst their citizens. When the Spartans chose Callicratides as Lysanders successor, Lysander undermined his position by sending the funds for the increase in payback to Cyrus and taking the fleet back to the Peloponnese with him. The Battle of Arginusae (406) When Callicratides died after the battle of Arginusae (406), Spartas allies requested that Lysander is made admiral again. This was against Spartan law, so Aracus was made admiral, with Lysander as his deputy in name, but the actual commander. Ending the  Peloponnesian War It was Lysander who was responsible for the final defeat of the Athenian navy at Aegospotami, thus ending the Peloponnesian War. He joined the Spartan kings, Agis and Pausanias, in Attica. When Athens finally succumbed after the siege, Lysander installed a government of thirty, later remembered as the Thirty Tyrants (404). Unpopular Throughout Greece Lysanders promotion of his friends interests and vindictiveness against those who displeased him made him unpopular throughout Greece. When the Persian satrap Pharnabazus complained, the Spartan ephors recalled Lysander. There resulted in a power struggle within Sparta itself, with the kings favoring more democratic regimes in Greece in order to diminish Lysanders influence. King Agesilaus Instead of  Leontychides On the death of King Agis, Lysander was instrumental in Agis brother Agesilaus being made king instead of Leontychides, who was popularly supposed to be Alcibiades son rather than the kings. Lysander persuaded Agesilaus to mount an expedition to Asia to attack Persia, but when they arrived in the Greek Asian cities, Agesilaus grew jealous of the attention paid to Lysander and did everything he could to undermine Lysanders position. Finding himself unwanted there, Lysander returned to Sparta (396), where he may or may not have started a conspiracy to make the kingship elective amongst all Heraclidae or possibly all Spartiates, rather than confined to the royal families. War Between Sparta and Thebes   War broke out between Sparta and Thebes in 395, and Lysander was killed when his troops were surprised by a Theban ambush.

The Broken Window Theory Of Crime - 1921 Words

Criminologist James Q. Wilson and George Kelling developed the Broken Window theory. According to their theory they believed that crime is the inevitable result of disorder (Gladwell 155). The broken window theory is known as a disorder and as chaos, therefore, crimes become an issue due to the fact that the impression of no one being in charge causes crimes to happen one after another and worsening along the way. An example often used is a broken window, which leads to another broken window, to graffiti, to loitering, etc. The disorder, the chaos and the abandonment of something or a place causes crimes to be followed one after another - crime is contagious (Gladwell 155). According to the broken window theory, broken windows should not be left alone. They should be fixed in order for crime to decrease; therefor broken windows should not be tolerated due to the fact that it may cause an increase of crimes as well. The rise of a question then forms from this theory, because many dep artments use the broken window theory. Officers are known for keeping the law and keeping order. The officers are given a duty of addressing minor life threatening offenses and social disorder, which prevents major crimes to happen. They are to disapprove and stop crimes. But is the broken window theory broken itself when it comes to law enforcement. Could they be doing more wrong than actually doing well? Because officers are not only stopping crimes, but they are causing more troubleShow MoreRelatedIs Broken Windows A Broken Theory Of Crime?1130 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Is Broken Windows a Broken Theory of Crime?† Kevin Drum defines the Broken Windows theory as a theory which â€Å"suggests that tolerance of small acts of disorder creates an environment that leads to rising amounts of serious crime. So if police crack down on small offenses – petty vandalism, public lewdness, etc. – crime reductions will follow† Though this theory has been around for a long time, it is still not a sound theory of crime. The Broken Windows theory is not a sound theory of crime becauseRead MoreCrime And The Broken Window Theory1486 Words   |  6 PagesAt one point, crime in America grew 13 times faster than population. Between 1965 and 1980s, crimes in every category rose to a record high in New York. Burglary related crimes rose from 183,443 to 360,925. Larceny-theft rose from 253,353 to 535. Vehicle theft rose from 58,452 to 171,007. Assault rose from 27,464 to 91,571. Murder rose from 836 to 2,228. However, during the 1990s, crime in New York crime tipped. Crime fell to a record low. Murder rates, burglary, larceny-theft, vehicle theft, assaultRead MoreThe Broken Windows Theory Set The Standards of Law Enforcement1137 Words   |  5 Pagestheir â€Å"Broken Windows Theory† and how this has changed law enforcement today. Topic I. The Broken Windows set the standards for law enforcement. A. Early Beginnings of the Broken Windows theory. B. Specific arguments regarding the Broken Windows theory. C. Community Policing was brought to New York City. Topic II. Furthermore, the criminal justice system brought up new ideals with the Broken Windows theory. A. Zero tolerance policy came about. B. Proactive approach on crime. C. Serious crimes versusRead MoreBroken Window Theory1232 Words   |  5 Pages11/10/14 Criminology Broken windows theory Abstract The broken window theory is a form of law that stops serious and non violent crimes, which can be reduced crime in urban cities. This strict enforcement is to stop non violent crimes such as skipping school, graffiti, vandalism and not paying fair. This law was first introduced in New York City in 1980, ever since the level of crimes has dropped even violent crimes such as rape, murder has gone down. NewRead MoreTheories on Why Crime Occurs Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesCriminological theories have been used on a micro and macro level scale in order to search for an answer as to why people commit crimes. The broken windows theory and routine activity theory have been selected as the two theories provide different perspectives as to why crime occurs, and how to solve crime. The theories will be examined in order get a historical origins, outline main principles, distinguishing characteristics, misconceptions and critaziams of each theory. Broken Window Theory OriginsRead MoreBroken Windows Was Originated By Social Scientist James Q. Wilson896 Words   |  4 Pages Broken Windows was originated by social scientist James Q. Wilson. and George Kelling the model was focused on the important of disorder â€Å"broken windows† in generating and sustaining more serious crime. In this case disorder was not directly linked to serious crimes but instead disorder lead to increased fear and withdrawal from residents, which allowed much serious crimes to come about because of the decreased of informal social control. Police can play a key role in disrupting this process IfRead MoreEssay On Broken Windows Theory1236 Words   |  5 PagesJames Q. Wilson James Q. Wilson (1931-2012) was a highly respected scholar who devoted his life in political science, focusing on urban politics of the America in his early life, and later delved into the study of political organisations, policing and crime, bureaucracy and character and culture. He spent most of his life teaching political science at various renowned university, including UCLA and Harvard University. He also served numerous government commissions throughout his life and was frequentlyRead MoreBroken Windows Policing : Effective And Sustaining Serious Crime1505 Words   |  7 Pagesimplemented, one of which is known as Broken Windows Policing. The style of Broken Windows policing has a few different goals and has been used in certain cities in the Unites States. Though it has been used, the question on whether or not it is an effective style of policing still remains. Of the many policing strategies that have been used, Broken Windows Policing is one that has remained questionable when it comes to its effectiveness. The model of Broken Windows Policing focuses on how disorderRead MoreBroken Window Theory By James Q. Wilson1488 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Broken Window Theory This paper is going to discuss the Broken Window Theory. According to the textbook, â€Å"the Broken Window Theory is an informal theory of police responsibilities when they are controlling low level disorders and the relationship to more serious crimes.† (Criminal Justice) According to the Britannica website, â€Å"broken windows theory, academic theory proposed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982 that used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighborhoodsRead MoreGovernment officials are continually searching for ways to increase the safety of its citizens.1600 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Broken Windows Theory. Applying this theory in the urban setting can increase the quality of living for the area citizens, help prevent future crimes, and promote a positive relationship between the police force and the citizens. James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling were not the first researchers to point out the damaging effects that disorder, such as run-down buildings and graffiti, had on communities. They were, however, the first to accuse disorder of actually encouraging crime. (Gau

Saint Luke free essay sample

It is believed that he was born a Greek and a Gentile. The main things St. Luke is noted for are being a physician, being a missionary with St. Paul and writing one of the four Gospels of Jesus. He also wrote the Acts of the Apostles. The Gospel according to St. Luke is the most descriptive of all four Gospels. St. Luke describes in detail the miracles and many parables of Jesus. The Gospel of Luke focuses on the poor and social justice. He emphasizes Christ’s compassion for sinners and for those who suffered. He also describes the life and teachings of Jesus. He was one of â€Å"the seventy† and worked with St. Paul traveling to Rome and converting Jews and pagans to Christianity. He was also with Paul during several of his confinements. . Saint Luke is often shown with an ox or a calf because these are the symbols of sacrifice the sacrifice Jesus made for the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Saint Luke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page St. Luke is known as the patron saint of physicians and surgeons. It has been proven that Luke lived a long life and died 84 AD. The Gospel of Saint Luke gives a good idea of his character as one who loved the poor, who wanted God’s kingdom open to all, who respected women and saw hope in God’s mercy for everyone. Saint Luke tried to help anyone who suffered and emphasizes Christ’s compassion for sinners. We see that Luke, as a doctor, understood Jesus’ concern for every kind of suffering. Jesus turned toward sinners and showed his love for the poor, the sick and those who lost their way. During his missions with St. Paul, Luke tried to live the same way. He was always there for people who needed them. He set time apart to help people learn about the life and teachings of Jesus. He was known as the patron saint of physicians because he never gave up on people who were sick and never let them suffer. He had a good attitude towards everyone and always wanted to help them. He saw the good in everyone. I would like to imitate the actions of Saint Luke in my life. Luke was able to follow Jesus’ example and see the good in everyone. That is not always an easy thing to do. If someone hurts us, we tend to turn away from them. Saint Luke stresses forgiveness. The Gospel of Luke makes us take a look at how we act and decide if our behavior is living like Jesus taught us. In my life, I am going to try to be more accepting to others and to make sure no one is excluded. I will also take the time to do special things for the poor and the less fortunate. Saint Luke is a good example of how we should try to be in life. He stressed that everyone is not perfect. We should put our efforts towards those that need us the most. Saint Luke showed his character by giving up his life to serve others. He was an accomplished writer and physician but he chose to follow Jesus and spread his word. He also used his talents as a writer to help others learn about God and as physician to help those who suffered. He put others before himself and felt everyone should have hope and that everyone deserved a place in God’s kingdom.

Managerial Effectiveness in Multinational Corporations

Question: Describe about The impact of international human resources practices and organizational culture on managerial effectiveness in multinational corporations in Ireland? Answer: Proposed Title: The impact of international human resources practices and organizational culture on managerial effectiveness in multinational corporations in Ireland Organization The organization selected for study is as Pfizer Global Supply. Introduction Ireland has both foreign owned and Irish owned multinational companies. Foreign Owned MNC is operated from UK, US or European countries. All MNCs in Ireland have proper human resource practices and organizational culture which motivate their employees to perform better. Globalization is changing roles and responsibilities of human resource in Ireland MNCs as well as their organizational culture (Anon, 2015). International human resource in Ireland MNC used to reward, develop, motivate, organize work culture within the MNCs where people from different culture work for common goal. The MNC chosen for study of impact of international human resource and organizational culture on managerial effectiveness is Pfizer Global Supply. Background of Study This study is having an analysis of international human resource practices and organizational culture impact on one of the pharmaceutical multinational of Ireland named as Pfizer Global Supply. Analysis is done to evaluate the employment practices of Pfizer Global Supply regarding their employees and organizational goal (Anon, 2015). According to Pfizer Global Supply as stated in (Anon, 2015) managers should have both leadership skill as well as managerial skill so that all employees performance is good. The study focuses on the managerial skills require by managers to manage their employees, working culture and other factors. The problems faced by Pfizer Global Supply are as regarding their employees pay and performance management and distribution and others. Problem Statement The problem statements regarding the study are as Pfizer Global Supply can face problems regarding their organizational culture as maximum employees are from different culture and environment with their own beliefs and thoughts (Anon, 2015). The other major problem which Pfizer Global Supply can face is regarding their international human resource practices and policies if are changed in future, that is they may be unable to change as per all the employees and it can de motivate them. Research Questions Pfizer Global Supply international human resources practices and organizational culture involves many problems as they can face problem regarding convergence and divergence of their international human resource practices. While managing workforce to work in group for common goal and objective. Pfizer Global Supply in future while changing their reward system, remuneration structure, promotion policy or working culture can face problem as they may be unable to work as per every employee present in organization (Bellot, 2011). The key factor on which Pfizer Global Supply performance depend is its employees, so to increase their performance level they should try to work as per their employees expectations. Primary Research Question The primary research questions of this study are as the methods adopted by Pfizer Global Supply for different international human resource practices like training, development of their employees regarding international working environment which organization will adopt in future. Steps or methods adopted by Pfizer Global Supply human resource department regarding the communication gap among employees and managers (Corrigendum, 2014). Analysis of international human resource strategies adopted by Pfizer Global Supply with the problems which may arise in future (Corrigendum, 2015) . Objective of Research The objectives of this research are as To analyze the impact of international human resource practices performed by Pfizer Global Supply pharmaceutical company on their managerial skills.Evaluate the problems faced by Pfizer Global Supply in managing workforce who belong to different culture and environment.The process adopted by Pfizer Global Supply for maintain their organizational culture and human resource practices.Analysis of Pfizer Global Supply different international human resource management practices and methods or theories adopted for maintain organizational culture taking into consideration their employees. Significance of study The significance of this study is to1. To analyze the problem which may occur in Pfizer Global Supply regarding their international human resource strategies, theories adopted for human resource practices and other.2. For evaluating the impact of international human resource practices adopted by organization on their managers and their managerial skills (Work - Chron.com, 2015).3. The effect of organizational culture on Pfizer Global Supply goal, managers managerial and leadership skills.4. Importance of international human resource strategies and organizational culture in Pfizer Global Supply operation process. Problem and opportunities The main problems faced by Pfizer Global Supply in international human resource management practices are as in maintaining cross cultural environment, in maintaining the reward benefits and compensation structure as per the employees, while training and development process of their employees regarding international working environment and others. On the other hand the methods or strategies adopted by Pfizer Global Supply from recovering the above mentioned problems are as talent management process, skill development, competency development, leadership development, knowledge development and other methods. Literature Review International human resource management practice in Pfizer Global Supply in used for maintaining and developing international environment within the organization . Organizational culture is the main factor used by Pfizer Global Supply organization for motivating or influencing their workforce regarding international working environment. The theories which explain international human resource management and organizational culture are as Cross Cultural management theory which represents the method with its importance for maintaining the multi cultural workforce that is every employee in organization has its own belief and working culture which is very important for human resource department. Resource dependency theory which represents the connection between the organizations with its element . This theory focuses on the resource factor of organization i.e. there employees for planning and marinating organizational culture. Methodology and Data collection This part of research report represents the overview of the different methods used in this study. The areas covered in this part are sample, sampling, data collection. The sampling techniques used in this study are qualitative and quantitative. For qualitative sampling analysis 100 employees of Pfizer Global Supply were given questionnaire which was related to their work and human resource policies and practices. For quantitative sampling managers and executives were given set of questionnaire. The data collection techniques used for this study are primary data as from interview and questionnaire and secondary data is collected from different blogs, journals, magazines and others. Bibliography Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.jimsjournal.org/6%20Bhushan%20Kapoor.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Anon,(2015).[online]Availableat:https://file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/Ananthram%20and%20Chan%20-%20Challenges%20and%20strategies%20for%20global%20human%20resource.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2E2B1EF2-6CDC-4BF8-8D5F-6EC000EE2198/0/9781843982661_sc.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.latec.uff.br/mestrado/Rh/Artigos/020.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Bellot, J. (2011). Defining and Assessing Organizational Culture. Nursing Forum, 46(1), pp.29-37. Corrigendum. (2014). The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-1. Corrigendum. (2015). The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-1. Work - Chron.com, (2015). What Is the Meaning of Managerial Effectiveness?. [online] Available at: https://work.chron.com/meaning-managerial-effectiveness-6993.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015].

Vitro Fertilization Essays - Reproduction, Fertility,

Vitro Fertilization Human in vitro fertilization is selection of embryos for the transfer to the uterus. The eggs are surgically removed from a woman's ovaries and placed in a carefully prepared broth called human tubal fluid. Six hours later, the husband's sperm cells are added. The evidence of fertilization was detected approximately 16 hours later. Later on, the scientists select four embryos that are actively dividing and carefully inserts them into the woman's uterus through her cervix. In another 10 days, a laboratory pregnancy test will tell her if the embryo has attached to her uterine wall. The average rate of achieving pregnancy being 35 percent. For fertilization of a human egg to occur, whether it be in a petri dish or nature's setting(a woman's fallopian tube), a series of intricate events must occur to produce a viable egg in the women and healthy sperm cells. Recently we have learned in class; the development of a ripe egg and its release into the fallopian tube is called ovulation, which is controlled by hormones produced by the brain, pituatory gland and ovaries. The leading cause of abnormal ovulation though, is caused by polycystic ovary syndrome. There is very little known how or why it is caused, but we do know those patients with the syndrome have increased insulin levels. When ovulation does occur, the newly released egg enters a fallopian tube, ready to encounter sperm cells that have made it through the selective hurdles of a woman's urinary tract. One hurdle the sperm cells encounter is the cervix, which acts as a biological filter. The cervix filters out all the unhealthy or abnormally shaped sperm. Once a viable egg is produced and sperm cells have entered the fallopian tubes, fertilization is possible- if the two types of cells successfully meet. The events of early reproduction are among the most fascinating, most complex, but least understood in human biology. This class has taught me to share a fundamental desire for this significant process and has helped me understand the events that ensure the continuation of human life.

Pathogenesis of measles virus infection The WritePass Journal

Pathogenesis of measles virus infection Introduction Pathogenesis of measles virus infection IntroductionInfection and SpreadSymptomsVaccinationSubacute sclerosing panencephalitisConclusionRelated Introduction The development of the measles virus in earlier childhood is still relatively commonplace today in lower economic countries. A vaccination was developed approximately 40 years ago which reduced the incidence of the virus Worldwide. Unfortunately the virus has not been entirely eradicated, and a higher rate of infection still occurs more frequently in developing countries. In 2006 an invention of strategies were put into place by the World Health Organisation (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)for the reduction of measles mortality rates1,2. Eradication of the measles virus encounters considerable imposing obstacles, including the growth in populations, demographic difficulties and the general population’s awareness to vaccination safety3. The WHO in 2012 plan to eradicate measles virus in the Western Pacific, a well designed sustainable plan is an necessity for this to ensure achievement, another decisive influence in the successfulness of the immunisation pro ject is identifying the appropriate age at which immunisation should occur at. One of the main approaches to eradication of the measles virus infection is to immunise approximately 95% of the population, subsequently the majority of the population is acutely immunised against the measles virus infection which can cause astounding complications1. Infection and Spread Initial immunity for the neonate is maternal immunity transferred during pregnancy from mother to foetus. Younger women are being vaccinated in developing countries; consequently their own natural immunity is lower in comparison to non vaccinated women800. The measles virus is a contagious infection. The measles virus is caused by RNA viruses, which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus. Spread of the virus occurs due to coughing, sneezing, and personal contact with the infected. The measles virus can remain in an active state up to two hours once airborne or on contaminated surfaces. Prior to the characteristic rash associated more commonly with the measles virus, spread of the virus can develop from up to four days prior to first signs of infection and even up to four days after initial first signs of characteristic rash801. The initial symptoms of the virus display characteristics from 8-12 days following infection802. Measles virus spread is achievable through susceptible individual s whose immune system is in a state of compromised condition. Initial spread is initialised through the airways. Replication of the measles virus (MV) is acquired through numerous organs and tissues.   Various types of cells and tissues are affected, which include dendritic cells (DC), and B and T lymphocytes. Generally the patient’s own immune system fights the infection and generates a life term of immunity against the infection and reoccurrence.   The MV is characterised as an RNA envelope virus.   Viral RNA continues to infect after initial 20 days after infection clearance. An indication of measles virus is a rash which manifests itself after approximately 10 days. Measles rash is an indication of the adaptive immune system responsiveness. At this stage CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate site for clearance. Both lymphocytes activate at same time, but CD8+ T cells is more severe, CD4+ response is longer.   A diagnostic serum test for presence of IgM can be taken at this stage to evaluate the prognosis of measles. Antibody specific IgG is also produced at this interval. The immune system experiences prolonged immunosuppression. Differential amounts of cytokines and chemokines are produced at the varied stages of infection. After the initial infection levels of IL-8 increase, IFN-ÃŽ ³ and IL-2 are elevated by activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during features of a rash. Following rash exposure CD4+ generates interleukin IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Failure to eliminate measles infection can contribute in the development of inclusion body encephalitis and pneumonia. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) can also develop from persistent infection exposure in young children203. Symptoms The measles virus presents itself as a collaboration of symptoms, which are deemed characteristics of the virus and its associated effects on the patient’s body and immune- suppressed system. Measles virus is considered a highly infectious disease. If the measles virus is persistent in the body, the virus can affect the central nervous system (CNS). Initial symptoms of the measles virus include a state of fever, coughing and a rash with small bumps. One of the main complications of persistent measles virus is the influence on the CNS40. The virus conforms to a number of characteristics. These characteristics include such signs as a fever, redness of the eyes with the most common feature being a rash on the skin41. Other symptoms of the virus include such features as coughing, muscle pain, runny nose, spots inside of mouth (Koplik’s spots), light sensitivity and eye irritation. The trade mark rash usually starts at the top of the body and moves down systematically41a. Diagnosis of acute measles include serum based specific IgM EIAs42. In 2000 a uniformed quality assured system was introduced by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The WHO established LabNet to create a homologous system to ensure diagnosis of measles and rubella. Laboratory Network (LabNet) is available in over a hundred countries. One major hurdle in the successfulness of diagnosis; is the collecting of the serum samples. Newly devised methods of sampling specimen included dried blood spots (DBS) and oral fluid (OF). Serum sampling is considered to quintessential standard for diagnosis but successful alternatives are being sought, which include the promising DBS and OF. These DBS and OF diagnostic tests offer viable potential in diagnostics for measles. Transport considerations would be less tedious when not using serum samples and the issues surrounding the safety and necessity of using needles would be eliminated. Great number of research is being implemented into more effectiv e and conclusive methods for the diagnosis of measles43. As the WHO has implemented plans to eliminate measles, greater attentiveness to the diagnostics of measles is essential and required for the WHO to be successful in their plan for reduced mortality rates44. Complications of the measles virus have been attributed to autism in children after they have received the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine (MMR). Studies conducted suggest that the cases of autism did not increase at the period of administration of the MMR vaccine. Variation in different types of autism is being studied in comparison to administration of the MMR vaccine45. The link between MMR vaccination and autism is unauthenticated but cases could exist if the child was genetically predisposed after receiving the vaccination. The vaccine is significant, as without it mortality rates would prevail46. Vaccination The implementation of vaccinations against the measles virus has been one of the most successful vaccinations worldwide. The measles vaccine has saved millions of lives around the world. It has been estimated that approximately 30-40 million people of cases of the virus each year still occur with approximately 800,000 deaths a year being contributed to the virus. The susceptibility to the measles virus is directed towards numerous influential contributory factors. The efficacy of the vaccine is dependent of a number of influential factors. Transfer of maternal antibodies occurs through the placenta. The rate of maternal antibodies in less developed countries has been shown to be lower than transferred maternal antibodies in developed countries. One contributory factor is malaria placenta infection. It has been documented that maternal antibodies still are transferred, but these antibodies tend to diminish at a greater rate.   An implementation plan of action was the introduction of malaria netting which may improve the outcome. Low birth weights are more vulnerable to measles virus than normal healthy weight births. Suggestions put forward mitigate plans to vaccinate the more susceptible at an earlier age. Due to near elimination of naturally occurring measles, most immunity is due to vaccination, fewer antibodies get passed through placenta to the foetus, therefore the foetus immunity to measles is lower. Another suggestion to improve vaccination rate success is to vaccinate pre- adolescence to increase antibody levels. Finding a suitable age of vaccination is paramount and difficult, as vaccinated mothers pass on fewer antibodies than mother who naturally incurred the measles virus. An established immunisation programme has to be introduced which embraces all age groups and range of immunity.   Due to lower antibody levels being transferred from the mother, the measles virus susceptibility could be as low as 4-5 months for the child. Due to such a young age of susceptibility, new regimes will have to be adapted to incorporate capturing of the earlier infected age group. The number of doses required and the efficacy of the doses is also of concern. Some countries have adopted a two dose strategy and other countries have a one dose strategy.   The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a two dose strategy200. The different strains of the vaccines allows for different groups to be immunized. Non-injectable vaccine for the measles virus is being studied. Aerosol vaccine is displaying promising results. A study is presently on going to determine the sufficiency of aerosol vaccine in comparison to the injectable vaccine. Aerosol vaccine promises great expectations, allowing greater immune response for children 9 months or older. Aerosol vaccine allows for self administration, are less audacious to use than the injectable vaccine201. A needle-free approach is being investigated, which would prove to be cost effective and an alternative to the injectable vaccine202. A needle- free approach may be one of the better options going forward as there are numerous constraints of the live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), which include qualified administrators of vaccinations, sterile needles, and correct storage of vaccines. Non needle vaccines could allow for lower costs for administrating, easily administrated, little maintenance, one dose vaccine, safe and globally effective and availa ble.203 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is contributed to the association of the measles virus. SSPE is a fatal neurological infection affecting the central nervous system (CNS), which mainly affects children. As the disease progresses, oligodendroctyes, astrocytes and endothelial cells become affected, this ultimately accumulates to death of the patient.   The occurrence of SSPE was once considered to occurs in approximately 1:300,000, but more recent research would suggest cases of 1:10,00055. The direct cause of SSPE is still unidentified56 Thepathogenesis of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is still undefined but the incidence is considered to be mainly an adaptive immune response which involves cell- mediated responses and antibody- mediated responses, but some research suggests that both the innate and adaptive immune response is involved57,58. SSPE can linger for a number of years while causing neurological damage. Signs of SSPE become evident 6 years post measles infection. It has been documented that 95% of patients with Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis will die within 5 years of initial determination of the disease, and with only 5% of patients going into remission. The treatment Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis includes the controlling of seizures. Diagnoses of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis are associated with electroencephalography. Demyelination and the prevalence of the measles virus are involved with SSPE. Some treatment trials are ongoing and include such drugs as isoprinosine57. Symptoms of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis include changes in behaviour, reduction in mental capacity and involuntary twitching. Symptoms can also be represented by non conforming characteristics, which can cause SSPE to be a missed diagnosis59. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis has also been documented to be more prevalent in males60. Future treatments for Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis include optimising the use of antivirals and molecule inhibitors61. The administration of alpha-interferon could increase the rate of mortality among patients of SSPE62. Combination therapy has been utilised in hoping to achieve the best treatment approach available, IFN-alpha and ribavirin has been optimised but with minute improved outcome63. Other research has been conducted based on apoptosis (programmed cell death) and Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, again combination drug therapy optimising flupirtine and antiviral drugs has been acknowledged64. The aetiology of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is unknown, but is contributed to the relentless measles virus65. The measles virus is attributed to an array of neurological diseases66. With advancing new methodologies being discovered, advancing research and improvements directed towards disease diagnosis into SSPE, new treatments and preventative measures a viable cure may one day may become notably and genuinely palpable67. Conclusion Measles virus is contagious and affects impoverished countries more readily than developed countries. Alternative therapies focus on the influential factors which may determine susceptibility, such as deficiency in vitamin A. Measles virus in children with vitamin A deficiency may prove more harmful.   The World Health Organisation set a recommendation of the required dosage of vitamin A for children with the measles virus living in impoverished surroundings30. Treatments for the contagious measles virus include vaccinations. Newly improved methods of vaccine administration are being developed, enhancing the cost- effectiveness and ease of use. The consequences of MV include Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), pneumonia and inclusion body encephalitis. Preventable measure and characteristic features of the virus should be dispensed to the public to educate the people on the importance of vaccination against measles virus. Reduction of two-thirds of deaths of the under-five is planned by the World Health Organisation, in its plan referred to as the Fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 4) by 2015. Elimination of the virus is being benchmarked against getting pre-puberty women vaccinated and aiming to vaccinate children at a younger age. Global recognition around the world on the severe consequences of the virus is essential for the eradication of this preventable infection. Countries around the World must be capable of alerting the ir appropriate agencies if a measles outbreak is thought to have occurred, failure of recognition could be detrimental to the more suscepitable31. A global uniformed approach to dosage to the young should be widely implemented around the World, and the consequences of a measles outbreak should be made clear to leading government agencies to cascade to their appropriate teams of experts.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Microeconomics - Essay Example This is illustrated by the diagram below. c) In order to achieve a socially efficient level of coal gas mining, policies that promote the underground water system understanding, interconnectivity and the gas extraction and processing life cycle should be adopted. Secondly, policies that demand absolute scientific knowledge of the industry and its potential impacts on the society matter. These to enable a comparison of efficient coal power generation and the societal efficient production requirements to minimize the adverse effects on the society. a). The key most barrier to entry that would help to establish and keep Monsanto’s market power in the United States seed market is the patenting of the Monsanto seeds that prevents farmers from stocking other seed companies. The high cost of entry into the seed industry as a result of the high prices charged by Monsanto is another significant barrier to entry. New companies would find it very expensive to incur high entry costs that may be risky given the established Monsanto Company. The policies and the high prices are the significant barriers to the entry of other companies into the industry. b). If the United States Department of Justice investigations resulted in the cancellation of the Monsanto patents as an anticompetitive practice in the seed industry, a number of resultant effects would be experienced. Firstly, the level of competition in the US seed industry will most likely increase as more seed companies will be able to venture into the industry with reduced barriers to entry. The farmers will have a choice between varieties of the seed companies for their seed markets. Secondly, the supply of seeds is likely to increase with increased number of seed companies into the industry. As a result, the prices of seeds in the market will be driven down by the increased supply, and this would reduce the