Lysander the Spartan General

Lysander was one of the Heraclidae at Sparta, but not a member of the royal families. Not much is known about his early life. His family was not wealthy, and we dont know how Lysander came to be entrusted with military commands. The Spartan Fleet in the Aegean When Alcibiades rejoined the Athenian side towards the end of the Peloponnesian War, Lysander was put in charge of the Spartan fleet in the Aegean, based at Ephesus (407). It was Lysanders decree that merchant shipping put into Ephesus and his foundation of shipyards there, that started its rise to prosperity. Persuading Cyrus to Help the Spartans Lysander persuaded Cyrus, the Great Kings son, to help the Spartans. When Lysander was leaving, Cyrus wanted to give him a present, and Lysander asked for Cyrus to fund an increase in the sailors pay, thus inducing sailors serving in the Athenian fleet to come over to the higher-paying Spartan fleet. While Alcibiades was away, his lieutenant Antiochus provoked Lysander into a sea battle which Lysander won. The Athenians thereupon removed Alcibiades from his command. Callicratides  as Lysanders Successor Lysander gained partisans for Sparta amongst the cities subject to Athens by promising to install decemvirates, and promoting the interests of potentially useful allies amongst their citizens. When the Spartans chose Callicratides as Lysanders successor, Lysander undermined his position by sending the funds for the increase in payback to Cyrus and taking the fleet back to the Peloponnese with him. The Battle of Arginusae (406) When Callicratides died after the battle of Arginusae (406), Spartas allies requested that Lysander is made admiral again. This was against Spartan law, so Aracus was made admiral, with Lysander as his deputy in name, but the actual commander. Ending the  Peloponnesian War It was Lysander who was responsible for the final defeat of the Athenian navy at Aegospotami, thus ending the Peloponnesian War. He joined the Spartan kings, Agis and Pausanias, in Attica. When Athens finally succumbed after the siege, Lysander installed a government of thirty, later remembered as the Thirty Tyrants (404). Unpopular Throughout Greece Lysanders promotion of his friends interests and vindictiveness against those who displeased him made him unpopular throughout Greece. When the Persian satrap Pharnabazus complained, the Spartan ephors recalled Lysander. There resulted in a power struggle within Sparta itself, with the kings favoring more democratic regimes in Greece in order to diminish Lysanders influence. King Agesilaus Instead of  Leontychides On the death of King Agis, Lysander was instrumental in Agis brother Agesilaus being made king instead of Leontychides, who was popularly supposed to be Alcibiades son rather than the kings. Lysander persuaded Agesilaus to mount an expedition to Asia to attack Persia, but when they arrived in the Greek Asian cities, Agesilaus grew jealous of the attention paid to Lysander and did everything he could to undermine Lysanders position. Finding himself unwanted there, Lysander returned to Sparta (396), where he may or may not have started a conspiracy to make the kingship elective amongst all Heraclidae or possibly all Spartiates, rather than confined to the royal families. War Between Sparta and Thebes   War broke out between Sparta and Thebes in 395, and Lysander was killed when his troops were surprised by a Theban ambush.

The Broken Window Theory Of Crime - 1921 Words

Criminologist James Q. Wilson and George Kelling developed the Broken Window theory. According to their theory they believed that crime is the inevitable result of disorder (Gladwell 155). The broken window theory is known as a disorder and as chaos, therefore, crimes become an issue due to the fact that the impression of no one being in charge causes crimes to happen one after another and worsening along the way. An example often used is a broken window, which leads to another broken window, to graffiti, to loitering, etc. The disorder, the chaos and the abandonment of something or a place causes crimes to be followed one after another - crime is contagious (Gladwell 155). According to the broken window theory, broken windows should not be left alone. They should be fixed in order for crime to decrease; therefor broken windows should not be tolerated due to the fact that it may cause an increase of crimes as well. The rise of a question then forms from this theory, because many dep artments use the broken window theory. Officers are known for keeping the law and keeping order. The officers are given a duty of addressing minor life threatening offenses and social disorder, which prevents major crimes to happen. They are to disapprove and stop crimes. But is the broken window theory broken itself when it comes to law enforcement. Could they be doing more wrong than actually doing well? Because officers are not only stopping crimes, but they are causing more troubleShow MoreRelatedIs Broken Windows A Broken Theory Of Crime?1130 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Is Broken Windows a Broken Theory of Crime?† Kevin Drum defines the Broken Windows theory as a theory which â€Å"suggests that tolerance of small acts of disorder creates an environment that leads to rising amounts of serious crime. So if police crack down on small offenses – petty vandalism, public lewdness, etc. – crime reductions will follow† Though this theory has been around for a long time, it is still not a sound theory of crime. The Broken Windows theory is not a sound theory of crime becauseRead MoreCrime And The Broken Window Theory1486 Words   |  6 PagesAt one point, crime in America grew 13 times faster than population. Between 1965 and 1980s, crimes in every category rose to a record high in New York. Burglary related crimes rose from 183,443 to 360,925. Larceny-theft rose from 253,353 to 535. Vehicle theft rose from 58,452 to 171,007. Assault rose from 27,464 to 91,571. Murder rose from 836 to 2,228. However, during the 1990s, crime in New York crime tipped. Crime fell to a record low. Murder rates, burglary, larceny-theft, vehicle theft, assaultRead MoreThe Broken Windows Theory Set The Standards of Law Enforcement1137 Words   |  5 Pagestheir â€Å"Broken Windows Theory† and how this has changed law enforcement today. Topic I. The Broken Windows set the standards for law enforcement. A. Early Beginnings of the Broken Windows theory. B. Specific arguments regarding the Broken Windows theory. C. Community Policing was brought to New York City. Topic II. Furthermore, the criminal justice system brought up new ideals with the Broken Windows theory. A. Zero tolerance policy came about. B. Proactive approach on crime. C. Serious crimes versusRead MoreBroken Window Theory1232 Words   |  5 Pages11/10/14 Criminology Broken windows theory Abstract The broken window theory is a form of law that stops serious and non violent crimes, which can be reduced crime in urban cities. This strict enforcement is to stop non violent crimes such as skipping school, graffiti, vandalism and not paying fair. This law was first introduced in New York City in 1980, ever since the level of crimes has dropped even violent crimes such as rape, murder has gone down. NewRead MoreTheories on Why Crime Occurs Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesCriminological theories have been used on a micro and macro level scale in order to search for an answer as to why people commit crimes. The broken windows theory and routine activity theory have been selected as the two theories provide different perspectives as to why crime occurs, and how to solve crime. The theories will be examined in order get a historical origins, outline main principles, distinguishing characteristics, misconceptions and critaziams of each theory. Broken Window Theory OriginsRead MoreBroken Windows Was Originated By Social Scientist James Q. Wilson896 Words   |  4 Pages Broken Windows was originated by social scientist James Q. Wilson. and George Kelling the model was focused on the important of disorder â€Å"broken windows† in generating and sustaining more serious crime. In this case disorder was not directly linked to serious crimes but instead disorder lead to increased fear and withdrawal from residents, which allowed much serious crimes to come about because of the decreased of informal social control. Police can play a key role in disrupting this process IfRead MoreEssay On Broken Windows Theory1236 Words   |  5 PagesJames Q. Wilson James Q. Wilson (1931-2012) was a highly respected scholar who devoted his life in political science, focusing on urban politics of the America in his early life, and later delved into the study of political organisations, policing and crime, bureaucracy and character and culture. He spent most of his life teaching political science at various renowned university, including UCLA and Harvard University. He also served numerous government commissions throughout his life and was frequentlyRead MoreBroken Windows Policing : Effective And Sustaining Serious Crime1505 Words   |  7 Pagesimplemented, one of which is known as Broken Windows Policing. The style of Broken Windows policing has a few different goals and has been used in certain cities in the Unites States. Though it has been used, the question on whether or not it is an effective style of policing still remains. Of the many policing strategies that have been used, Broken Windows Policing is one that has remained questionable when it comes to its effectiveness. The model of Broken Windows Policing focuses on how disorderRead MoreBroken Window Theory By James Q. Wilson1488 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Broken Window Theory This paper is going to discuss the Broken Window Theory. According to the textbook, â€Å"the Broken Window Theory is an informal theory of police responsibilities when they are controlling low level disorders and the relationship to more serious crimes.† (Criminal Justice) According to the Britannica website, â€Å"broken windows theory, academic theory proposed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982 that used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighborhoodsRead MoreGovernment officials are continually searching for ways to increase the safety of its citizens.1600 Words   |  7 Pagesas the Broken Windows Theory. Applying this theory in the urban setting can increase the quality of living for the area citizens, help prevent future crimes, and promote a positive relationship between the police force and the citizens. James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling were not the first researchers to point out the damaging effects that disorder, such as run-down buildings and graffiti, had on communities. They were, however, the first to accuse disorder of actually encouraging crime. (Gau

Saint Luke free essay sample

It is believed that he was born a Greek and a Gentile. The main things St. Luke is noted for are being a physician, being a missionary with St. Paul and writing one of the four Gospels of Jesus. He also wrote the Acts of the Apostles. The Gospel according to St. Luke is the most descriptive of all four Gospels. St. Luke describes in detail the miracles and many parables of Jesus. The Gospel of Luke focuses on the poor and social justice. He emphasizes Christ’s compassion for sinners and for those who suffered. He also describes the life and teachings of Jesus. He was one of â€Å"the seventy† and worked with St. Paul traveling to Rome and converting Jews and pagans to Christianity. He was also with Paul during several of his confinements. . Saint Luke is often shown with an ox or a calf because these are the symbols of sacrifice the sacrifice Jesus made for the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Saint Luke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page St. Luke is known as the patron saint of physicians and surgeons. It has been proven that Luke lived a long life and died 84 AD. The Gospel of Saint Luke gives a good idea of his character as one who loved the poor, who wanted God’s kingdom open to all, who respected women and saw hope in God’s mercy for everyone. Saint Luke tried to help anyone who suffered and emphasizes Christ’s compassion for sinners. We see that Luke, as a doctor, understood Jesus’ concern for every kind of suffering. Jesus turned toward sinners and showed his love for the poor, the sick and those who lost their way. During his missions with St. Paul, Luke tried to live the same way. He was always there for people who needed them. He set time apart to help people learn about the life and teachings of Jesus. He was known as the patron saint of physicians because he never gave up on people who were sick and never let them suffer. He had a good attitude towards everyone and always wanted to help them. He saw the good in everyone. I would like to imitate the actions of Saint Luke in my life. Luke was able to follow Jesus’ example and see the good in everyone. That is not always an easy thing to do. If someone hurts us, we tend to turn away from them. Saint Luke stresses forgiveness. The Gospel of Luke makes us take a look at how we act and decide if our behavior is living like Jesus taught us. In my life, I am going to try to be more accepting to others and to make sure no one is excluded. I will also take the time to do special things for the poor and the less fortunate. Saint Luke is a good example of how we should try to be in life. He stressed that everyone is not perfect. We should put our efforts towards those that need us the most. Saint Luke showed his character by giving up his life to serve others. He was an accomplished writer and physician but he chose to follow Jesus and spread his word. He also used his talents as a writer to help others learn about God and as physician to help those who suffered. He put others before himself and felt everyone should have hope and that everyone deserved a place in God’s kingdom.

Managerial Effectiveness in Multinational Corporations

Question: Describe about The impact of international human resources practices and organizational culture on managerial effectiveness in multinational corporations in Ireland? Answer: Proposed Title: The impact of international human resources practices and organizational culture on managerial effectiveness in multinational corporations in Ireland Organization The organization selected for study is as Pfizer Global Supply. Introduction Ireland has both foreign owned and Irish owned multinational companies. Foreign Owned MNC is operated from UK, US or European countries. All MNCs in Ireland have proper human resource practices and organizational culture which motivate their employees to perform better. Globalization is changing roles and responsibilities of human resource in Ireland MNCs as well as their organizational culture (Anon, 2015). International human resource in Ireland MNC used to reward, develop, motivate, organize work culture within the MNCs where people from different culture work for common goal. The MNC chosen for study of impact of international human resource and organizational culture on managerial effectiveness is Pfizer Global Supply. Background of Study This study is having an analysis of international human resource practices and organizational culture impact on one of the pharmaceutical multinational of Ireland named as Pfizer Global Supply. Analysis is done to evaluate the employment practices of Pfizer Global Supply regarding their employees and organizational goal (Anon, 2015). According to Pfizer Global Supply as stated in (Anon, 2015) managers should have both leadership skill as well as managerial skill so that all employees performance is good. The study focuses on the managerial skills require by managers to manage their employees, working culture and other factors. The problems faced by Pfizer Global Supply are as regarding their employees pay and performance management and distribution and others. Problem Statement The problem statements regarding the study are as Pfizer Global Supply can face problems regarding their organizational culture as maximum employees are from different culture and environment with their own beliefs and thoughts (Anon, 2015). The other major problem which Pfizer Global Supply can face is regarding their international human resource practices and policies if are changed in future, that is they may be unable to change as per all the employees and it can de motivate them. Research Questions Pfizer Global Supply international human resources practices and organizational culture involves many problems as they can face problem regarding convergence and divergence of their international human resource practices. While managing workforce to work in group for common goal and objective. Pfizer Global Supply in future while changing their reward system, remuneration structure, promotion policy or working culture can face problem as they may be unable to work as per every employee present in organization (Bellot, 2011). The key factor on which Pfizer Global Supply performance depend is its employees, so to increase their performance level they should try to work as per their employees expectations. Primary Research Question The primary research questions of this study are as the methods adopted by Pfizer Global Supply for different international human resource practices like training, development of their employees regarding international working environment which organization will adopt in future. Steps or methods adopted by Pfizer Global Supply human resource department regarding the communication gap among employees and managers (Corrigendum, 2014). Analysis of international human resource strategies adopted by Pfizer Global Supply with the problems which may arise in future (Corrigendum, 2015) . Objective of Research The objectives of this research are as To analyze the impact of international human resource practices performed by Pfizer Global Supply pharmaceutical company on their managerial skills.Evaluate the problems faced by Pfizer Global Supply in managing workforce who belong to different culture and environment.The process adopted by Pfizer Global Supply for maintain their organizational culture and human resource practices.Analysis of Pfizer Global Supply different international human resource management practices and methods or theories adopted for maintain organizational culture taking into consideration their employees. Significance of study The significance of this study is to1. To analyze the problem which may occur in Pfizer Global Supply regarding their international human resource strategies, theories adopted for human resource practices and other.2. For evaluating the impact of international human resource practices adopted by organization on their managers and their managerial skills (Work - Chron.com, 2015).3. The effect of organizational culture on Pfizer Global Supply goal, managers managerial and leadership skills.4. Importance of international human resource strategies and organizational culture in Pfizer Global Supply operation process. Problem and opportunities The main problems faced by Pfizer Global Supply in international human resource management practices are as in maintaining cross cultural environment, in maintaining the reward benefits and compensation structure as per the employees, while training and development process of their employees regarding international working environment and others. On the other hand the methods or strategies adopted by Pfizer Global Supply from recovering the above mentioned problems are as talent management process, skill development, competency development, leadership development, knowledge development and other methods. Literature Review International human resource management practice in Pfizer Global Supply in used for maintaining and developing international environment within the organization . Organizational culture is the main factor used by Pfizer Global Supply organization for motivating or influencing their workforce regarding international working environment. The theories which explain international human resource management and organizational culture are as Cross Cultural management theory which represents the method with its importance for maintaining the multi cultural workforce that is every employee in organization has its own belief and working culture which is very important for human resource department. Resource dependency theory which represents the connection between the organizations with its element . This theory focuses on the resource factor of organization i.e. there employees for planning and marinating organizational culture. Methodology and Data collection This part of research report represents the overview of the different methods used in this study. The areas covered in this part are sample, sampling, data collection. The sampling techniques used in this study are qualitative and quantitative. For qualitative sampling analysis 100 employees of Pfizer Global Supply were given questionnaire which was related to their work and human resource policies and practices. For quantitative sampling managers and executives were given set of questionnaire. The data collection techniques used for this study are primary data as from interview and questionnaire and secondary data is collected from different blogs, journals, magazines and others. Bibliography Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.jimsjournal.org/6%20Bhushan%20Kapoor.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Anon,(2015).[online]Availableat:https://file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/Ananthram%20and%20Chan%20-%20Challenges%20and%20strategies%20for%20global%20human%20resource.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2E2B1EF2-6CDC-4BF8-8D5F-6EC000EE2198/0/9781843982661_sc.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.latec.uff.br/mestrado/Rh/Artigos/020.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015]. Bellot, J. (2011). Defining and Assessing Organizational Culture. Nursing Forum, 46(1), pp.29-37. Corrigendum. (2014). The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-1. Corrigendum. (2015). The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-1. Work - Chron.com, (2015). What Is the Meaning of Managerial Effectiveness?. [online] Available at: https://work.chron.com/meaning-managerial-effectiveness-6993.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2015].